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The voltage typically used by water heaters and large appliances is 240 V. Many of these appliances require a higher voltage to operate efficiently, as they tend to draw more power than smaller devices. This increased power demand is necessary because water heaters and large appliances, such as electric stoves and dryers, need to generate substantial heat or perform significant mechanical work.

Using 240 V allows these appliances to achieve their required operational capacity while minimizing the amount of current flowing through the wiring. This is important because higher current can lead to increased heat generation in the wires, which may become a safety concern. By utilizing 240 V, the appliances can operate effectively and reduce the risk of overheating.

Other voltages mentioned might be commonly used in different applications but do not apply to water heaters and large appliances. For instance, 120 V is standard for smaller household appliances and lighting, while 12 V is typically used for low-voltage applications. Meanwhile, 480 V is generally used in industrial settings for heavy machinery, rather than residential appliances. Thus, 240 V is the correct and most relevant choice in this context.